I will present the case of 1965–66 killings in East Java by analysing the archives of the East Java’s military command, Kodam V Brawijaya.14 This collection is stored in the Brawijaya military museum in Malang municipality along with other inventories, from the revolutionary war to military operation in East Timor. It is open to public, with a permission letter that can be obtained from the Military Command’s Mental Guidance Office or Bintaldam (Bina Mental Kodam) in Malang. Together with the military archives found in Aceh and Banyuwangi, the Brawijaya military archives added to the newly discovered archives related to 1965–66 operation – something that was impossible a few decades ago.
The specific inventory on the 30th September Movement 1965 consists of operation reports, daily records, radiograms, and regulations during 1965–68 collected from four different Resort commands in East Java (Korem in Surabaya, Malang, Mojokerto, and Madiun). The most complete collection of these archives is the one from Malang resort command. As I will show later on, the military played a major role in the violence, and that participation of civilians was under their coordination. The violence in East Java became massive not because civilians acted by themselves, but because the army released instructions where collaboration between them became highly possible. In other words, rather than inhibiting the violence, the army released direct orders to mobilize rightist organizations against the left.
Grace Leksana dalam Collaboration in Mass Violence The Case of the Indonesian Anti Leftist Mass Killings in 1965 66 in East Java
Kajian 1 – Genocide File Malang / Kodam Brawijaya
Collaboration in Mass Violence The Case of the Indonesian Anti Leftist Mass Killings in 1965 66 in East Java
The aim of this article is to examine further the concept of collaboration in genocide and mass killings through the case study of anti-communist mass killings in Indonesia in 1965–66. High degree of civilian involvement in the killings has misled to a conclusion that the state (in this case, the Indonesian army) did not have a significant role in the killings. The Indonesian state and some scholars interpret the violence as a result of horizontal conflict between the communists and religious or nationalist groups; or violence that could not be generated an overarching pattern, because in some areas the army took the lead, while in other areas, it was the civilians. This article examines the killings in East Java, one of the provinces with a high death toll. Previous studies in this province conclude that civilians were dominant in taking actions against the communists and leftists. However, this does not mean that the army did not have a significant role in the violence. Through the analysis of the newly-accessed East Java military (Kodam V Brawijaya) archives collection, this article will show that although mass killings were executed by civilians in early October 1965 in East Java, they became coordinated and systematic under the military command since mid-October 1965. Readings on the archives strongly show that the military structurally facilitated the violence, while on the other hand, civilians collaborate with the military to remove Indonesian leftists. The collaboration in East Java shows a structurally coordinated move to persecute the communists.
Kajian 2 – Genocide File Banyuwangi
Based on official data from the agrarian agency of Banyuwangi (East Java) and local military archives, Ahmad Nashih Luthfi demonstrates the relation between land reform and violence on two levels. Indeed, the innovation of this study lies in its argument regarding horizontal and vertical violence, which contradicts the commonly accepted version according to which the incidents were provoked only because of land issues between villagers. Using the concept of primitive accumulation, he finally shows that the 1965 event has been used to keep the agrarian sector under the control of both the state and capitalist interests of the New Order.
Dipetik dari pengantar redaksi Jurnal Archipel
Introduction – Elsa Clavé et Asvi Warman Adam
Kekerasan Kemanusiaan dan Perampasan Tanah Pasca- 1965 di Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur – Ahmad Nashih Luthfi
Kajian 3 – Genocide File Aceh
On a hot afternoon in 2010, I returned home from the former Indonesian Intelligence Agency’s archives in Banda Aceh with a heavy cardboard box filled with photocopied documents. I did not yet know it, but the documents that I held in my hands would soon definitively shatter the Indonesian government’s official propaganda account of the 1965–66 mass killings and prove the military’s agency behind those events. I have called these documents the Indonesian genocide files.
disalin dari Introduction – The Indonesian genocide files
buku The Army and the Indonesian Genocide Mechanics of Mass Murder – Jess Melvin
Laporan Tahunan KODAM-I/KOHANDA Atjeh, tahun 1965
#GenocideFile #Genocide1965_1966Archive
*Dokumen ini adalah salah satu bahan utama disertasi Jess Melvin yang membuka pintu bagi konstruksinya bahwa Operasi Penumpasan PKI sudah dimulai pada malam 1 Oktober 1965 atas perintah Mayjen Soharto kepada Pangkoanda Mayjen AY Mokoginta dan Pangdam I Iskandar Muda/ Aceh Brigjen Ishak Djuarsa.
unduh salinan arsip koleksi Universiteit Leiden ini
Laporan Tahunan KODAM-I/KOHANDA Atjeh, tahun 1965
[Resensi /Liputan] Berkas Genosida Indonesia – Mekanika Pembunuhan Massal 1965-1966 / The Army and the Indonesian Genocide Mechanics of Mass Murder – Jess Melvin
Membaca Arsip Militer
Debat ini sangat menarik. Ratna Saptari, Annie Pohlman, dan Ken Maclean memberikan tanggapan mereka terhadap buku Jess Melvin, Mechanics of Mass Murder. Dalam penelitiannya, Jess menggunakan arsip tentara yang ia temukan di Aceh.
Bagian paling menarik buat saya adalah pertanyaan Maclean dan tanggapan Melvin terhadapnya. Maclean berangkat dari argumen Ann Stoler bahwa arsip bukan saja penyimpan informasi tentang masa lalu, tetapi dapat juga diperlakukan sebagai subyek penelitian: mengapa arsip tersebut dibuat? Untuk siapa? Apa yang dihilangkan dari arsip? Mengapa? Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini menjadi sangat menantang di saat kita berbicara tentang arsip tentara terkait kekerasan 1965-66.
(catatan Grace Leksana)
Simak pula
Menelisik Arsip-arsip Peristiwa ‘1965 dan Ke-(tidak?)-terbukaan Akses Publik Atas Koleksi Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI)
1337 Arsip Tekstual Komando Operasi Tertinggi [KOTI] – Koleksi Khazanah Arsip Peristiwa 1965 Arsip Nasional RI [ANRI]
Putusan IPT 1965 : Indonesia Lakukan Genosida [Memahami Lebih Jauh ABC Genosida]
SUHARTO, RANTAI KOMANDO DAN KETOK PALU KEJAHATAN GENOSIDA 1965
Bagaimana Genosida 1965-1966 Diorganisir : Pengambil Keputusan, Organsisasi dan Aktor [How to Organize a Genocide : Case Study Indonesian Genocide 1965-1966]
Negara Jangan Cuci Tangan : Stop Mengkambinghitamkan Amuk Massa (Konflik Horisontal) dan Menyangkal Keterlibatan Negara (Konflik Vertikal)
simak 1600 ‘entry’ lainnya pada link berikut
Daftar Isi Perpustakaan Genosida 1965-1966
Road to Justice : State Crimes after Oct 1st 1965 (Jakartanicus)
Definisi yang diusulkan D. Nersessian (2010) untuk amandemen/ optional protocol Konvensi Anti-Genosida (1948) dan Statuta Roma (2000) mengenai Pengadilan Kejahatan Internasional. (disalin dari Harry Wibowo)
Perpustakaan Online Genosida 1965-1966 